主网在即，CasperLabs如何提前实现ETH3.0

关于CasperLabs：

CasperLabs是一家创建开源区块链平台的初创公司，目标是在不牺牲去中心化的前提下实现网络扩展。宗旨是为所有需要高度安全性、快速执行和可预测的经济性的应用程序构建一个变革性区块链平台。

CasperLabs的技术建立在由以太坊基金会研究员Vlad Zamfir设计的POS CBC-Casper协议之上。该平台依靠PoS而非计算能力去达成共识，以及解决可扩展性问题。

CasperLabs 官网：https://casperlabs.io

CasperLabs 官方Twitter: https://twitter.com/@meetCasperLabs

嘉宾介绍

英文：

Hi, I’m Mrinal, One of the cofounders of CasperLabs. I’ve been fascinated with technology from a young age and began programming at 11. I got my MS from Carnegie Mellon and after internships at Microsoft at Oracle and Microsoft went to work with Bain & Company, Bain Capital and was the Sector head for Technology at $1.2Bn hedge fund. I’ve been in this space for a long time, programming as an open source contributor to BitTorrent in 2002 and then Investing in Cryptocurrency since 2012. I Invested at the earliest stages in Ethereum, Blockstack, Basis, Maker, Filecoin etc. I love this industry and am excited that we are just getting started.

The Casper network will be the first layer-1 protocol that achieves efficient scaling without sacrificing the decentralization and security. This has been achieved through the cutting edge research done by our team using CBC-Casper as our starting point. In addition we will be bringing enterprise grade features and developer experiences to the industry. We believe strongly that these are the ingredients necessary to help jumpstart mainstream adoption of blockchain technology.

中文：

大家好，我是Mrinal，CasperLabs的联合创始人。我从小就对技术着迷，11岁开始编程。我在卡内基梅隆大学拿到硕士学位后，去了甲骨文和微软实习，后来加盟贝恩公司、贝恩资本，在管理12亿美元的对冲基金担任技术部门负责人。我长期关注这个领域，2002年以来为BitTorrent贡献了很多开源程序，并从2012年开始投资加密货币。我是以太坊、Blockstack、Basis、Maker、Filecoin等的早期投资者。我喜欢这个行业，也对未来满怀激情。

Casper网络将是第一个在不牺牲去中心化和安全性的前提下实现高效扩展的layer 1协议。这得益于团队基于CBC-Casper所做的前沿研究。我们坚信，我们将为行业带来的企业级功能和开发者体验，必将推动主流企业采用区块链技术。

问答环节

英文：

问题1、How does Casper balance the "Impossible Triangle" problem? << Maybe rephrase question to tie to the intro above>>

Mrinal Manohar答：To start of, we based our initial design on CBC-Casper proposed by Ethereum (But to be fully implemented years from now). This approach was unique in the sense that it did not rely on sacrificing decentralization or security in order to scale. However there had not been enough fundamental research to create a provably live and implementable version of this theoretical design. Our research team started on this problem in early 2019 and we were very lucky to have Dr. Daniel Kane who is a PhD with degrees from MIT and Harvard and one of the most renowned mathematicians in North America work with us. He was able to specify a pure PoS design based on CBC -Casper that does not sacrifice decentralization or security. This is the only PoS system that has these properties

I will share links to his wikipedia as well as the paper which he published with Vlad Zamfir and Andreas Fackler below.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kane_(mathematician)

https://github.com/CasperLabs/highway/releases/download/v1.0/highway.pdf

In addition to having a Pure PoS consensus algorithm detailed above, we get more performance through well thought out engineering, the two most important aspects are

1. In a traditional PoW system about 90-95% of computer processing power generates random numbers/ hashes. In our system we have redirected all that computing power toward the actual task of processing transactions and building efficient consensus. As a result you see a marked increase in performance.

2. Secondly we built a highly efficient virtual machine completely from the ground up based on WASM; and also brought simple transactions like transfers to the host side. This is a significant improvement in efficiency and further enables throughput.

中文：

问题1、Casper是如何平衡"不可能三角"问题的？

Mrinal Manohar答：首先，我们最初的设计是基于以太坊提出的CBC-Casper（但完全实现还需数年）。这种方法的独特之处在于，它不会为了拓展而牺牲去中心化或安全性。然而，当时的基础研究不足以支撑这种理论设计以搭建一个可证明活性和可实施的版本。我们的团队在2019年初开始研究这个问题，并非常幸运地邀请到了Daniel Kane博士，他是麻省理工和哈佛大学的双博士，也是北美最著名的数学家之一。他详细阐述了基于CBC -Casper、不牺牲去中心化和安全性的纯PoS系统。这是唯一具有这些特性的PoS系统。

以上是Kane博士的维基百科以及他与Vlad Zamfir和Andreas Fackler发表的论文的链接。

除了有上述的纯 PoS共识算法外，我们还通过精密的设计来提高性能，最重要的两个方面是：

第一，在传统PoW系统中，大约有90-95%的算力用于产生随机数/哈希。在我们的系统中，我们将所有的算力重定向到处理交易和建立高效共识的实际任务中。因此，您可以看到性能的显著提高。

其次，我们基于WASM构建了一个全新的高效虚拟机，同时在主机端实现了类似转账功能的直接交易，效率和吞吐量都得到了大幅提升。

英文：

问题2、Developers are crucial to the early development of the public chain,and public chains are attracting developers. What incentive plan does Casper adopt to attract developers?

Mrinal Manohar答：Firstly, we think that it is important to ensure that developers have a product that they are comfortable using.

let’s talk about some specific things we are doing!Firstly we have embraced open programming standards. The chart on the left shows that while solidity is the most used smart contracting language today with ~10k developers, this number is much smaller than the 26 million total developers out there.

The chart on the right shows that Rust has the highest approval rating amongst programming languages (From Stack overflows survey which had over 90,000 respondents)

This is telling us that for blockchain to succeed it needs to cater to all developers and they have made their preferences for 1. broadly used and 2. well-supported programming languages very clear.

The CasperLabs blockchain supports Rust and Assembly Script right out the gate as contracting languages. This makes it very easy for developers to use familiar tools. By embracing open standards, we will be able to create a platform that welcomes all 26 million developers

The CasperLabs blockchain also supports standard developer and enterprise tools in a much more comprehensive manner than other blockchains. For example we support CI/CD (Continuous integration / continuous deployment). said simply this means that developers need to be able to accurately test and integrate their code before making it publicly available. We enable this feature right within our developer tools. Every developer deserves and these days expects an enterprise grade developer experience, even if they work for a startup; we’re ensuring that we offer this level of support.

We also offer direct incentives via a developer DAO where 16% of supply will be reserved for developer grants and incentives. We will be announcing details soon, but suffice to say there will be significant technical and utility token assistance for developers creating applications that run on the Casper network or maintaining/upgrading the Casper network. We are also planning the first of many large Hackathons in early 2021, stay tuned to our channels for details.

中文：

问题2、开发者对于公链早期发展至关重要，各公链都在吸引开发者，请问Casper采取哪些激励计划吸引开发者加入呢？

Mrinal Manohar答：首先，我们认为最需要确保的是开发者有一款用着舒服的产品。

现在来具体谈谈我们的工作。首先，我们支持开放的编程标准。图片显示，即使Solidity作为当今使用最广泛的智能合约编程语言，1万左右的开发者人数相较于2600万开发者总数，仍然显得微乎其微。

图片显示，Rust在所有的编程语言中认可度最高（Stack overflow调查了超过9万受访者）。区块链要想成功，必需顾及所有开发者及其对1.广泛使用的，2.良好支持的编程语言的偏好。

CasperLabs区块链支持Rust和AssemblyScript作为编写合约的语言。开发者使用熟悉的工具将非常得心应手。支持开放标准让我们搭建的平台可以迎接所有2600万开发者。

同时，CasperLabs区块链与其他区块链相比，以更全面的方式支持标准的开发者及企业工具。例如，我们支持持续集成/持续开发（CI/CD）。简单说，开发者需要在发布前更精准的测试和集成代码。我们的开发者工具已经具备了这样的功能。每位开发者都值得且期待拥有这样企业级的开发体验，即使他们的公司刚起步，我们也要确保支持的水准。

我们还将直接奖励开发者DAO，总量的16%将留下来授予和激励开发者。细节稍后公布，但现在可以说的是，在Casper网络上运行的，或者维护/升级Casper网络应用的开发者将得到重大的技术和通证支持。我们正计划在2021年早些时候举办首场hackathon活动，更多细节，敬请留意。

英文：

问题3、As the first model for ETH3.0, what are the biggest technological advances in Casper compared to ETH2.0? What are the characteristics?

Mrinal Manohar答：Let me clarify the terms.Eth 3.0, is the full transition to a CBC Casper Based pure proof of stake protocol. We are just using already established terms.

What Ethereum is building for Eth 2.0 - Casper FFG is a 'finality gadget' - it is an overlay on top of Proof of Work. Miners will still have to use PoW to propose a block. Then PoS validators will use Casper FFG to 'finalize' that block. These will essentially operate as two separate sub-chains in the Eth 2.0 phase 0 launch. It is unlikely to have a material increase in performance till a full PoS protocol is implemented. By the current Ethereum roadmap this full transition to Eth 3.0 is still a few years away.

We go directly to a full PoS protocol based on the initial specification of CBC Casper (Or Eth 3.0). This is the hard part with CBC-Casper, as the 2017 paper did not specify an implementable protocol. This is the research that we completed as part of our version of CBC Casper called “Highway” with the help of Dr. Daniel Kane.

We combine this with our support of open programming standards as well as best in class enterprise grade tools and features which are not currently part of the ethereum 3.0 roadmap, but to be fair which they will likely also implement over time. We’re in essence greatly compressing the timeline to have a chain that has Eth 3.0 characteristics.

中文：

问题3、Casper作为第一个ETH3.0的模本，与ETH2.0相比，最大的技术进步是什么？特点是什么？

Mrinal Manohar答：让我们先弄清楚这些概念。Eth 3.0将基于纯粹的PoS协议完全过渡到CBC Casper。我们正是在使用这个获得公认的概念。

以太坊正在进行的Eth 2.0开发工作——Casper FFG，一种终决工具—— 是在PoW之上又覆盖了一层。矿工仍需使用PoW出块，再由PoS验证者使用Casper FFG来“终决”区块。在Eth 2.0第0阶段发布时，2条子链本质上是独立运行的。直到完全实现PoS协议，性能都不会有实质提升。根据以太坊当前的路线图，完全过渡到Eth 3.0还需数年。

我们基于最初的CBC Casper（Eth 3.0）的明确解释，我们将目标直接定为完全的PoS协议。这是CBC-Casper最难的部分，2017年的论文并没有详述可实现的协议。在Daniell Kane博士的帮助下，我们完成了我们的CBC Casper版本“Highway”的部分研究。

我们将“Highway”与开放编程标准结合，同时，也囊括了当前以太坊 3.0路线图没有涵盖的企业级工具和功能，客观来说，实现还尚待时日。总体上，我们正大幅压缩工期，让区块链尽早具备Eth 3.0特性。

英文：

问题4、Casper is a reputable project, and there are many other public chain projects, such as Near, Algorand, Cosmos, and so on. So what are Casper Network's advantages over its competitors?

Mrinal Manohar答：The first advantage is that we truly are able to scale without any sacrifices to decentralization or security. So let’s talk about some of these specific sacrifices and how we do not rely on them.

1.Some protocols achieve efficiency by doing random sampling of the validator base. This means that A. The entire staked amount on the network does not form consensus, reducing economic security and B. The network is only statistically secure and not provably secure. Both Algorand and Avalanche use random sampling

2.Some protocols have a very limited or purely delegated validator set and these are either permissioned or have very high barriers to entry. DOT, Hashgraph, Cardano EoS are all examples of this

3. Some protocols rely on subchains or sharding as the primary means of scaling this means that The entire staked amount on the network does not form consensus, reducing economic security and B. There are many attacks possible as shards are not fully composable

4. Almost every protocol is subject to a type of DDoS attack called “fork bombing”. We will be publishing our solution to this type of attack in the coming weeks. Protocols usually have some or all of the above sacrifices, we have chosen to focus primarily on ensuring that we do not have any of these sacrifices.

In addition, I mentioned how we are significantly more developer friendly a few questions ago, but to add to that we have some very important features that are not present on other protocols. TO be specific.

1. Flexible payment code (Sender does not always have to pay)

2. Weighted key management (You can create any kind of threshold system)

3. Upgradeable contracts (Never lose control of your systems)

4. Direct state querying (Easy data access)Glad to go into detail on any of these.

中文：

问题4、Casper是一个声誉卓著的项目，但是有许多其他公共链项目，例如Near，Algorand，Cosmos，等等。那么与竞争对手相比，Casper Network的优势是什么？

Mrinal Manohar答：第一个优势是，我们能够真正做到在不牺牲去中心化和安全的情况下进行扩展。我们具体谈谈别人“牺牲”了什么，以及我们如何做到不“牺牲”的。

1. 有些协议通过对验证者群体随机抽样来提高效率。这意味着A.网络质押总额无法形成共识，降低了经济安全；B.网络安全只有统计学意义，无法验证。Algorand和Avalanche采用的都是随机抽样的方式。

2.有些协议的验证器集非常有限或全部是代理，这些验证器要么需要许可，要么有很高的进入门槛。DOT、Hashgraph、Cardano、 EoS都是这样的例子。

3.一些协议依靠子链或分片作为主要的扩展手段，这意味着网络质押总额无法形成共识，降低了经济安全性，B.由于分片无法完全组合，可能遭到多种攻击

4.几乎所有协议都会受到名为 "分叉轰炸 "的DDoS攻击。我们将在未来几周内公布我们对这种类型攻击的解决方案。

协议或多或少都做了上述的“牺牲”，而我们的首要目标就是确保一点都不会“牺牲”。

此外，我在前面几个问题中提到我们如何显著提高对开发者的友好度，要补充的是，我们有一些非常重要的功能是其他协议没有的。具体来说：

1.灵活支付码（不一定要发送者支付）。

2.加权密钥管理(可创建任意形式的阈值系统)

3.可升级的合约(永远不会失去对系统的控制)

4.直接状态查询（方便数据访问）很乐意详细介绍这些内容

英文：

问题5、The mainnet of Casper uses a consensus protocol known as ETH3.0 to drive secure, scalable and decentralized blockchain services. So, what efforts have Casper Network made to attract Ethereum projects and developers? What results have been achieved?

Mrinal Manohar答：We have taken a novel (and unique) approach to making ethereum migration easy while maintaining security. Let me contrast the two approaches

1. The traditional approach (Allow EVM)

a. This still needs solidity

b. EVM is 5 years old now and you can’t take advantage of new VM features

c. Security issues having a multi VM system and contracts that can conflict

2. Our approach (Transpile solidity to work on our VM)

a. Supports any programming language

b. Allows users to take advantage of the new and native VM as upgrades are made

c. Highly secure single VM security

We have taken an approach where ethereum based projects can safely and easily transfer their workloads.

We have seen several projects who currently deploy on ethereum start using our transpiler (which has only been released very recently) to test deploys against our chain.

I will stress however that the industry is still only 1% penetrated. We are also building a blockchain for the 99% of developers who are yet to use blockchain because they have not had the set of tools and languages they are used to. A problem we have solved to be blockchain for all 26 million developers.

中文：

问题5、Casper的主网使用被誉为ETH3.0的共识协议驱动安全、可扩展且去中心化的区块链服务。那么请问，Casper网络在吸引以太坊项目和开发者方面都做了哪些努力？已经获得哪些成果呢？

我们采用了一种新颖且独特的方法，能够既简单又安全地从以太坊网络迁移过来。让我来对比一下这两种方法：

1.传统方式（通过以太坊虚拟机）

a.仍需使用solidity语言

b.以太坊虚拟机已经有5年的历史了，无法使用新颖的虚拟机功能。

c.多种虚拟机系统和合约冲突会导致安全问题

2.我们的方式，我们的虚拟机可转译solidity语言

a. 支持任意编程语言

b.允许用户在升级时使用新颖的原生虚拟机

c.单一虚拟机高度安全

我们的方法可以让基于以太坊的项目安全轻松地转移负载。

我们看到一些以太坊上部署的项目开始使用我们近期发布的转译器在我们的链上测试部署。

但我要强调的是，这个行业仍然只有1%的渗透率。我们还要顾及另外99%的开发者，他们之所以还没使用区块链，是因为没有他们趁手的工具集和编程语言。我们已经为所有2600万开发者解决了开发区块链的问题。

英文：

问题6、With Bitcoin breaking new highs and Ethereum skyrocketed, does Casper plan to carry out some ecological layout to take advantage of hot spots?

Mrinal Manohar答：I strongly believe that the recent performance of the market is only just the beginning. In the short term we are likely to see a lot of boom and bust cycles but the long term trend of the industry is always upward. As I had mentioned earlier only about 1% of developers worldwide use this technology which is similar to what the internet looked like on relative basis in the early 90s. This will change in our view.

That being said our focus on ecological outlay via being the most developer friendly blockchain will remain the same during bullish and bearish market cycles. We are very excited about the market right now, but we were also very excited when we were coding in 2019 and bitcoin was at 3,500 USDT. We are planning a very large hackathon in the next 8 weeks for example and we think the exciting market will cause added interest. We would have conducted this even during a low market though because we try to have the underlying technology guide our decisions more so than market sentiment.

But of course for everyone here we hope the current bull market continues for a long time without too many corrections.

中文：

问题6、这段时间比特币突破新高、以太坊暴涨，Casper有没有计划借助热点进行一些生态布局？

Mrinal Manohar答：我坚信市场的近期表现只是开始。短期内我们可能会看到一些波动，但行业长期向好。正如我前面提到的，全球只有大约1%的开发者使用这种技术，这与90年代初互联网的情况类似。在我们看来，这种情况会有所改变。

也就是说，无论牛市还是熊市，我们旨在通过成为对开发者最友好的区块链来布局生态。现在的市场让人兴奋，不过，2019年比特币只有3500USDT，我们也同样兴奋。我们正在计划在未来8周内举办一个非常大型的黑客马拉松，我们认为令人兴奋的市场会引起更多人的兴趣。不过即使市场低迷，我们也会进行同样的工作，因为我们是让底层技术引导我们的决策，而非市场情绪。

当然，对于在座的各位来说，我们希望目前的牛市能够更持久一些，不要回调太多。

英文 ：

问题7、What layout does Casper have on DeFi track?

Mrinal Manohar答：The first step is to get the product right for DeFi, we have a platform that scales but is still as decentralized and secure as ethereum, with stable and low gas fees.

Additionally we have features present only on our chain that solve a lot of DeFi issues. Let me discuss just 2 of these

1. We have weighted key management. I.e., a signature or a contract can assign weights to each individual user. This means governance can be done on chain. For example for a debt instrument you could give proportional voting based on how much each person holds in the loan, and this will directly apply to the governance of the smart contract completely on-chain. In fact you could conduct a shareholder proxy vote on our chain, completely on-chain with no off-chain governance

2. Contracts are upgradeable. Meaning if the schematic needs to be changed you don’t need to resubscribe to a new contract and have to repay all the gas fees to execute again. This can also be governed through weighted key management.

Additionally we are in the process of having a web deployment tool (like metamask), a DEX and stable coin ready at or soon after launch. This means that the tooling for DeFi is present close to launch. We are in active business development with several DeFi teams who are looking to either transfer existing or build new products on Casper as a result of these unique features.

中文：

问题7、Casper 在 DeFi 赛道有哪些布局呢？

Mrinal Manohar答：对于DeFi来说，首要的是有适合的产品。我们有可扩展的平台，不但像以太坊一样去中心化和安全，而且手续费又稳又低。

另外还有一些我们链上独有的功能，解决了很多DeFi的问题。让我来讨论一下其中的两个功能：

第一，我们有加权的密钥管理。即一个签名或者一个合约可以给每个用户分配权重。这意味着可以在链上进行治理。比如对于一个债权工具，你可以根据每个人持有贷款的多少来给予比例投票，这将直接适用于完全在链上进行的智能合约治理。实际上你可以在我们的链上进行股东委托投票，完全在链上进行，不需要链下治理

第二，合约可升级。意思是如果需要更改方案，你不需要重新制定新的合约，也不需要偿还所有的手续

费重新执行。这也可以通过加权密钥管理来治理。

此外，我们正在准备网页部署工具（类似 metamask）、去中心化交易所和稳定币。这意味着主网发布时DeFi工具也准备好了。我们正积极与几个DeFi团队进行业务开发，正因为有这些独特的功能，他们将转到Casper网络，亦或在Casper上打造新的产品。

英文：

问题8、As the year 2020 draws to a close, could you please help to review the milestones in the ecological development of Casper this year.

Mrinal Manohar答：This has been a very exciting year for us, up until now the focus has primarily been on technology, but as I look back on 2020 a few things stand out

1. Our communities have grown from a total of about 1500 people to over 14,000 active members globally and our reach via social media is in the 100s of thousands. All of this has happened organically and with no marketing expenditure. As we get closer to launch in Q1 2021 we expect this to expand much faster as we will be engaging in significantly more marketing, hackathons and developer/community events

2. Our team has expanded to 40+ full time employees with an engineering team of just under 30. This is one of the largest engineering teams in the space. Additionally over the year we have recruited a team of 50+ incredible advisors

3. On the validator side we have over 100 validators actively running across our test nets or in the pipeline, this means we will be highly decentralized at launch; additionally our validator sale was a success even in a tough market (feb to aug of this year). We planned to raise only $10m but had to raise the cap to $14m because of overwhelming demand.

4. We have signed with the leading platforms for our eventual launch sale, custody, liquidity provision etc. We will announce specifics once we are closer to the event.

5. But most importantly we are first and foremost building this for developers, and the interest we have seen from the developer community, many of them new to blockchain space has been very inspiring. We are building several great launch concepts as we speak in the Patent, supply chain, financial services, HR and other spaces with some great partners. Once these are ready we can’t wait to showcase them and show what the platform can do.

中文：

问题8、2020年即将结束，回顾一下Casper这一年在生态发展上的一些里程碑事件。

Mrinal Manohar答：对我们来说，今年是非常激动人心的一年。目前我们的重点主要是在技术上，但回顾2020年，有几件事非常值得一提

首先，我们的社区已经从大约1500人发展到全球超过14000名活跃会员，我们在社交媒体上的影响力达到了10万人之多。所有这些都是在没有主动市场营销的情况下自然产生的。随着我们越来越接近2021年第一季度的主网发布，我们预计这一数字将更快地扩大，因为我们将参与更多的市场营销、黑客松和开发者/社区活动。

第二，我们的团队已经扩大到40多名全职员工，工程团队接近30人。这是该领域最大的工程团队之一。此外，在这一年里，我们还邀请了50多名优秀顾问加入。

第三，在验证者方面，有超过100个验证者在我们的测试网中积极运行，这意味着我们在推出主网时将是高度去中心化的；此外，我们的私募非常成功的，即使在艰难的市场情况下（今年2月至8月），我们原本计划只筹集1000万美元，但由于需求过大，不得不将上限提高到1400万美元。

第四，我们已经和各领域的主要平台签约，为我们最终的发行销售、托管、流动性等提供服务。具体细节我们会择期公布。

最重要的是，我们首先是为开发者打造的，我们看到开发者社区的兴趣，其中很多人刚进入区块链领域，这非常鼓舞人心。我们正在与一些非常优秀的合作伙伴一道，在专利、供应链、金融服务、人力资源和其他领域打造先进的产品概念。一旦这些都准备好了，我们会与大家分享这些案例并且展示这个平台还能做些什么。

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编译者/作者：nour光速小子

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